Thursday, May 11, 2006

我的选择,由谁决定?

  李显龙总理在接受《联合早报》专访时,谈到如果本身的候选人素质出问题时,执政党如何处理的问题。他说:“在我们的制度里,我们也会有差错,但是至少我们有一个制度,并且最重要的是中间有一班有经验、把整个过程监督得很严的领导层。所以,其实我们说是法治,但是法治里,人的角色是非常非常重要的。”

  如果我有机会参加类似《敢问总理》之类的节目,我最想问:如果出问题的是这个领导层的成员,那我们该怎么办?

  值得庆幸的是,这样的事情在过去的四十年没有发生,我们一直拥有一个诚实可靠的政府,这正是人民行动党能在每一届的大选中轻易蝉联的重要原因之一。可是过去没有发生,并不表示将来一定不会发生。万一发生,我们又有什么机制确保国家不会陷入万劫不复的境地?
  
领导人未必无所不知  

  退一步说,即使领导人的道德素质完全没问题,他们也不见得能无所不知,他们的判断也不一定永远正确。许文远部长就针对NKF事件表示,他和政府中的许多人都受到蒙蔽。整个事件也是经由媒体独立报道后才被揭发出来的。

  NKF事件虽然引起民众的强烈不满,但并没有使我们的国本动摇,但万一发生更严重、足以威胁到国家的生存的事件,而政治领袖却受到蒙蔽,到时又能靠谁力挽狂澜?

  一种方法当然是建立一个健全的民主制度,通过政党竞争,由人民负起监督的责任。可是新加坡政府一贯的思维是,因为我们的政治领袖都是百里挑一的,因此和各阶层的新加坡人比较,他们懂得比较多,他们对问题的看法比较全面,较能够为大局着想。这样的思维落实到行动中,就导致一些所谓的对话会,变成是由政治领袖单方面阐述他们的想法,其他与会者则沦为“虚心受教”的听众。

  李总理说,集选区制度是好的,因为我们不要一个谁都可以随随便便参选的制度。问题是,当我国的宪法规定每一个符合基本条件的公民都有选举与被选举权的时候,该由谁来决定谁有资格参选?显然,总理是延续了执政党一贯的思维,认为应该为人民做出相关的决定的,包括为人民“鉴定”反对党人的资格的,是一个以可靠领袖为核心的政府。

  当然,这样的考虑有一定的合理性,因为依靠人民的力量并不是万无一失的。前国会议员吴俊刚先生也提到选民在投票时有诉诸情绪的可能(《理智与情绪之争》,早报言论版,2006年4月27日)。这固然有道理,但是我们是否能因为担心选民的情绪而事事“为民作主”,包括为他们决定谁才是“合格”的候选人,要怎样投票才算“理智”?

  我想我们不能,因为如此一来,所谓的选择,只是一种经过“上面”认可的、受到诸多限制的选择。也许有人会说,这是一套证明行之有效、符合我国国情的民主制度。可是过去行之有效并不代表将来一定行之有效,将来万一“上面”因为某种原因而无法正确告诉人民该怎么选择,人民是否就只能坐以待毙?

  更何况,怎么样才算是符合国情?李总理说:“我们不能够说,像美国的制度不管谁中选都不要紧,因为它有这个制度,出了问题,如尼逊出问题、克林顿出了问题,无所谓,以后还有一个总统,以后还是有美国这个国家,新加坡不是这样,也没有办法做到这样。”

  我想再“敢敢问”的是,为什么我们就没有办法做到?是什么原因,造成我们无法建立一个在领导人出问题时能让体制继续运作的机制?吴先生也问:“为什么英国可以那样,为什么我们不能那样?为什么美国有那样的自由度,我们却不可以?在问这些问题的同时,我们也应该问问,新加坡的情况同这些国家有什么不同?新加坡能百分之百仿效它们的做法吗?”  

国家兴亡都和我有关  
  
  这正是问题的关键。我们的国情,为什么不允许人民在政治上有更大的自由?“国情论”者经常会说那是因为我们国家太小太脆弱,经不起丝毫的差错。可是这样的说法,是建立在政治领袖不管是在道德上、能力上或判断上一定不会出错的假设上。这只是一种假设,却被我们一再地重复而成为“真理”。

  泰国、菲律宾、台湾的例子一再提醒我们,民主制度不是万灵丹,不是说有民主就能解决所有问题。可是除了这些“因民主而失败”的例子,还有许多“因不民主而失败”的例子如朝鲜、越南、柬埔寨等。环顾全球,如果真要进行量化比较的话,似乎政治自由度相对宽松的国家,情况比起政治不自由的国家要好一些。

  既然“由上而下”及“由下而上”的选择方式都可能出错,我们最后要问的必然是:我们应不应该拥有一种无须经过“上面”“同意”的、自由选择的权利?

  我不知道一般新加坡人怎么想,但我会为争取这样的权利而努力不懈。因为唯有如此,我才能自豪地说,我是这个国家的一分子,这个国家的兴亡成败,都和我有关。相反地,如果由“别人”来告诉我该怎么选择,一旦出错,那就是“别人”的错,不关我的事。

  我该怎么选择,只能由我自己决定。

● 王昌伟  ·作者是新加坡国立大学中文系助理教授

7 comments:

eGemini e双子 said...

Some quick thoughts about the election results
© Yawning Bread


Vote-counting went much faster than I expected. Even though the polling booths only closed at 20.00h, by 00.45h, all the results were announced and it was all over.
Readers of Yawning Bread will know where my heart lies, but I can't say that the results were unexpected. I avoided making any predictions prior to polling day except to a handful of close friends, but when asked, I had said "83:1".

So, in a sense, the final result of "82:2" was a shade better than I expected. The People's Action Party (PAP) won 45 of the contested seats, while Low Thia Khiang and Chiam See Tong from the Opposition kept their Hougang and Potong Pasir seats respectively. These 45, together with the 37 won by default on Nomination Day, gives the PAP a total of 82 seats in the next Parliament.

An overall 66.6% of the vote for the People's Action Party was also roughly what observers had been expecting: somewhere in the mid-sixties. So all in all, there were no big surprises on election day.

If anything, the results shows how conservative the voters are. People stick with the known. Even in Potong Pasir, despite being starved of help from the government for 18 years, the voters increased their support for Chiam from the wafer-thin margin of the 2001 election to 55.8% this time.

I know of no one who had expected this.

Likewise, Low Thia Khiang improved his margin in Hougang constituency to 62.7%, his highest ever.



The Workers' Party's performance
Although the opposition parties ended up with the same number of seats as in the last parliament, the numbers were somewhat gratifying. The Workers' Party's 43.9% in Aljunied was quite decent, despite having only one top-line figure in Sylvia Lim. The other candidates weren't all that well-known. Even James Gomez became well known for reasons other than what he would have wanted. The party's score certainly lays a good foundation for the future.

The surprise to me was the respectable showing of the 6 rookies in Ang Mo Kio GRC. To garner 33.9% of the vote in their first electoral foray against the Prime Minister in his own ward is quite fantastic.

I wonder if what this shows is a lesson for the future. These rookies were clean-cut, fresh-faced and largely spoke in good English and good Mandarin. They stuck to the party message, dealt with issues and didn't use dialects.

The press said they got a lift from the overall reputation of the Workers' Party, but so should other WP candidates elsewhere.

Yet in all those constituencies where the older generation of opposition politicians regaled audiences with pithy Teochew and earthy Hokkien, they did no better than the rookies (other than Low in Hougang). Even in Joo Chiat where constituents were unhappy with the flourishing girlie trade virtually at their doorsteps, Chinese-speaking Tan Bin Seng of the WP (who had contested many elections before and so was quite well known) couldn't manage more than 35% against a colourless Chan Soo Sen of the PAP.

Poh Lee Guan got only 31.4% of the votes against the PAP's Ho Peng Kee in Nee Soon East who can't speak Hokkien.

The days of dialect campaigning against the PAP may be drawing to a close. I think we have seen a glimpse of the future.


The pull of upgrading?

With Low and Chiam's victories in their constituencies, the question may need to be asked: is the upgrading carrot any good? It seems not.

But now, what I am more concerned about is how, having made those lavish promises of hundreds of millions of dollars in each GRC, the government has to live up to them. Money spent on these promises has to come out from somewhere.

I wonder whether we are thus starving other needs, e.g. healthcare and public transport, of funds as a result of having to divert so much money to real estate and related facilities. Is our economy sinking too much money into property and its improvements, at the expense of other social needs?


Winner takes all

Once again, the results showed the homogenising effect of super-sized 'group representation constituencies' (GRC). As in previous elections, no GRC delivers a result that is more than about 10% from the average for the election as a whole.

In this election, the average PAP vote-share was 66.6%. The best PAP win in a GRC was in Sembawang, where they obtained 76.7%. The worst PAP showing was in Aljunied, where they obtained 56.1%.

This suggests therefore that for opposition parties to win GRCs and thereby get a reasonable presence in Parliament, the PAP share of the vote has to drop below 60%. When that day will come, no one knows.

But it is not unforeseeable. If the American (and thus global) economy tanks over the next few years, yet we continue to suffer the income disparity effects of globalisation, then the economic picture may be very different by the next election. If the opposition parties keep working the ground and learn to use new media to their advantage, then the next contest may be different again.

This homogenising effect of GRCs once again highlights the heightened risk that Singapore runs. If in one election, the PAP vote-share falls to 45% then the PAP is likely to be forever shut out of Parliament.

Is 45% for the PAP far-fetched? Unimaginable? No. Just look at Potong Pasir.

Given the system we have, with an average of 55%, the opposition will likely win 3/4 of the GRCs. With 75% control of Parliament, they can change the constitution. Done ruthlessly, they can lock out the PAP for good. Control of the press and broadcasting will change hands, judicial appointments can be reviewed at will.

What we have here is a winner-takes-all system. A system like this tends to have the veneer of stability – a moderate majority ends up looking rock-solid – but in fact it's like balancing an egg on its end. A wind comes from one direction and it topples over, unable to recover.


A mixed system with proportional representation

In previous articles I have argued for a mixed electoral system. My preferred model is one where we have 50 single-member constituencies (SMC) and 50 seats elected by proportional representation (PropR).

Each citizen living in Singapore gets 2 votes: one for his SMC and one for the PropR election. Overseas citizens get only 1 vote, for the PropR part.

We may even consider allowing permanent residents a vote in the SMC part. They pay taxes; some of them even do National Service, so why not?

The 50 SMCs can be contested on a first-past-the-post method like we do now. A minor point is whether the member of parliament (MP) for the SMC is also to run the town council, or whether there should be separate elections for district mayor. I'm okay with either.

SMCs have the advantage of their MPs knowing their constituents well and being able to represent their daily, ground concerns, e.g. jobs, traffic congestion, noise pollution, even lift upgrading. For this reason, a case can be made out that permanent residents should get a vote too.

But where SMCs fail is in the fact that some concerns are not municipal in character; furthermore they are minority concerns in all constituencies, SMC or GRC. Not being a majority in any SMC, these minority concerns never get represented anywhere.

In a single-city state like Singapore, particularly with a dominant housing provider that has policies to homogenise all housing estates, not just along the lines of race, but also in achieving similar age and socio-economic mixtures everywhere, minority concerns are, if not deliberately, certainly very effectively, spread so thin that their voices are lost.

In which district are divorcees and single-parents concentrated? If none, how do they send their representatives to Parliament? In which district are gays and lesbians concentrated? If none, who will care to listen to them?

Minority opinions – and just about everybody has minority concerns, e.g. as a believer in environmental issues, as an atheist, a senior citizen or a small businesswoman – are best represented either by small parties that particularly focus on issues that matter to them (e.g. a Green Party, or an Entrepreneurs' Party), or by large parties whose manifestos take the trouble to reflect their concerns.


If we consider only those contests where the Workers' Party stood against the PAP, the results were like this:
Constit PAP WP
Joo Chiat 12,222 6,577
Nee Soon E 20,945 9,533
Nee Soon C 14,210 7,527
Hougang 8,306 13,987
Ang Mo Kio 96,591 49,468
East Coast 66,890 37,867
Aljunied 74,810 58,585
TOTAL 293,974 184,544
Percent 61.4 38.6






That's what proportional representation is for. Each party has to put forth a list of candidates, ranked #1 to #50 (or less, if they don't think they'll win big). For every 2% of the popular vote, they get to send one from their list to Parliament.
If say, 6% of voters feel strongly about environmental issues to give their vote to the Green Party, then the party gets to send their top 3 PropR representatives to Parliament. Through effective debate, they may have some influence over policy.

If my proposed system had been in place, what would this election's result look like?

Let's say Chiam and Low stood for 2 out of the 50 SMCs; let's say they win them. Then of the SMCs, the score would be 48 seats to 2.

Of the PropR vote, let's say it follows the overall result for Singapore as whole on 6 May 2006. The PAP wins 66.6%, the Workers' Party 16.35%, the Singapore Democratic Alliance 12.97% and the Singapore Democratic Party 4.09%.

That being the case, 33 PropR seats would go to the PAP, 8 to WP, 7 to SDA and 2 to SDP.


As for concerns about ensuring representation for minority races, rules for proportional representation can do that. Every party which submits a PropR list may be required to ensure that 25% of the candidates on their list belong to minority races, with a reasonable ranking for them.



And the total in Parliament would look like this:

SMC PropR Total
PAP 48 33 81
WP 1 8 9
SDA 1 7 8
SDP 0 2 2
TOTAL 50 50 100


So even with my model, the PAP would still dominate Parliament; there should be no fear of instability. Yet the non-PAP voices get reasonable representation there.

For this reason, I feel that as part of the remaking of Singapore, the first step has to involve remaking the electoral system. At the very least, everybody must have the chance to vote, which a PropR system allows. If we're concerned about Singaporeans switching off, not feeling engaged, apathetic, because they don't think they can make any difference, then this has to be the first step to arrest that malignancy.

http://www.yawningbread.org/arch_2006/yax-585.htm

eGemini e双子 said...

2006新加坡大選:劉程強時代開始?
http://www.martinoeihome.net/blog/2
006/05/294.html

eGemini e双子 said...

网上笔锋的期许 ● 梁耀祖

  “欢呼声开始了,我决定徘徊一阵子,看看热闹也好……在我前面组成一道人墙的每个人都转身而去。那时候我看见一张老人的脸孔……一个瘦削的男子,拥有一双深陷的眼睛,满脸白色胡渣,剪了一个平头装……他用那只满布皱纹的手,拭去眼角的泪水。是的,他哭了。”

  “他的生活很可能不如人意。他可能是一个小贩、一个油漆工,担任一些琐碎、没有退休保障的工作......年轻时代熟悉的生活和社会已经一去不复返。”

  “政府不停强调一些他不能理解的词汇:外资、外来人才、GDP、全球化、创意和艺术,但他不介意。今晚他在乎的是一个政治家,一个可以替他出一口气、抒发因高速变化带来的失落、不安和惆怅的人。”

──摘译自网上英文文章《后港草坪上》

  有人说,网上文章缺乏监督,讯息虽多,但是真伪难辨。基于“怕输”的心态,笔者从网上吸收资讯,都是依赖国内外著名媒体网站。可是说实的,读了这篇由一名摄影师参加工人党后港群众大会撰写的后感,那份悸动早已超越真伪的界限了。

在数码世界寻找说话空间

  行动党和反对党的强弱悬殊,已是不争的事实。大选期间,这个现象尤为鲜明。如果你每天只看免付费电视频道,读主流的那几份报纸,一定觉得行动党功德无量、形势大好,反对党不过垂死挣扎:

  民主联盟诽谤官司缠身,工人党诚信受严重质疑;况且反对党都是一群只会说、不会做的吹牛大王,像狐狸般等待行动党出错,伺机扑出来取而代之。行动党何惧之有?

  不过,倘若你走进网络世界,尤其是那些报道群众大会的文章,你会赫然发现,近日来反对党举办的几场群众大会,观众人数竟然超过十万。相反,执政党的人潮少很多。这些博客都有照片为凭,不是信口开河。

  也许你会说,正是因为行动党宣传攻势得宜,大家反而抱着好奇的心态去看看反对党的“秀”。呃,不对,浏论览一些网上录像片,反对党的论点不少还蛮有道理,群众的反应也好像不错嘛。

  那些博客,我不知道他们的姓名,更遑论其政治背景和取向。可是我想,不少应该是擅长于网上科技的年轻一代,他们提着数码相机,侧耳聆听非常陌生的方言,冒着雨、淌着汗站立几个小时,然后赶回家把他们的所见所闻公诸于世。

  这些网上记者的动机,大概千奇百怪,但是我肯定他们当中,有些是出于对主流媒体故意倾斜的报导不满,才毅然拿起相机、敲起键盘,在数码世界寻找他们说话的空间。

  行动党继续执政,大家明白是国家的福祉,不过正如你支持某足球队,夺标固然重要,也想他们赢得漂亮,无谓的小动作、辱骂对手,球迷看了也心痛吧?

成长后可以登堂入室

  我想起八十年代,韩国校园激进学生运动火爆的场面。那些绑着头巾、紧握拳头、与警察对峙的大学生,他们毕业之后,穿起了西装,进入了政府部门和各大商社,但他们并没有被现成体制所驯化,反而把校园火红岁月的理想火炬,在不同的领域点燃。

  他们成为各种社会运动的先锋,平反昔日冤狱,争取女权,使不同的弱势群体走出被社会遗忘的角落。上个月上任的韩国首位女总理韩明淑,就是一名长期从事妇女运动的中坚分子,即使六七十年代曾因政治问题入狱两年,仍积极推动国会制定《家庭法》、《男女雇用平等法》等法律。

  刚为大选奔波的那些年轻博客,他们的报导也许被主流媒体认定为“旁门左道”,真确性受质疑,甚至连自己的真名也不敢用。

  我期盼那些在网上写出铿锵有力的文字的年轻一代,十年、二十年后,当他们羽翼长成,昂然走进大企业的董事会、国会、甚至国际外交舞台。长袖善舞之际,他们坚定的信念里,还能找到年轻时那种悲天悯人的情怀,那是一个满脸泪痕的瘦削老人给予他们的宝贵一课。

·作者是房地产规划师

http://www.zaobao.com/yl/yl060510_502.html

eGemini e双子 said...

http://thefreemedia.com/sg/index.php/bbs/topic/1898

无可否认,过去行动党政府秉持公正、说到做到的治国理念造就了现在傲视全球的新加坡。说行动党政府是能干政府,那是有目共睹。

集选区这种新加坡政治独有的制度,还存有一种隐忧。如 Yawning Bread 所说的,一旦哪一天的反对党“突破”了集选区,上台后对行动党赶尽杀绝,再如果,组成了一个不是那么能干政府,对新加坡是福是祸呢?

水能载舟,亦能覆舟!

eGemini e双子 said...

关于大选的马后炮

 带着兴奋焦躁的心,忘记了睡意,每个人都期待奇迹的出现,但是就像每次TOTO开出来的结果一样,都让你意兴阑珊却没有过激的行为,因为其实你已经知道将会是什么结局,所以这次奇迹虽然也没有出现,你还是可以安心休息。

  “知其不可为而为”,工人党明知山有虎,偏向虎山行,在阿裕尼集选区虽然说是虽败犹荣,到底还是败在集选区的制度之下。俗语说,败军之将,何以言勇?何况,人生又有几个5年呢?

  集选区制度作为新加坡执政党为长期执政而独创的一把锋利的双刃剑,可谓天下无双,世界上没有任何一个民主国家能够加以复制而幻想着不会引致国家大乱,从这一点来说,新加坡人应该自豪或是自卑还真难说。

  在每一次的选举过后,每一个票箱都是代表了某地某区最正确的民意,这一些都将纪录下来成为下一次大选再次划分选区的资料,在这样剪剪拼拼的过程之后,每一个集选区都将保留执政党优势的基本盘,除非执政党大失民心,不然的话反对党要动其根本真是千难万难。

  单选区的情况其实也是一样的,但是在划分选区的过程就艰难得多,因为受选区的地理和面积限制,处处碍手碍脚,这也是为什么集选区会产生的由来。可以想象5年后的阿裕尼集选区绝对不会再是同一个样子,执政党一来不会冒险,二来也不可能给反对党机会,让国会一下子冲进来5、6个反对党议员。

  这次刘程强和詹时中都赢得很漂亮,但是他们心里都明白是执政党高抬贵手,只要接下去的5年在国会里小心言行,后港和波东巴西作为单选区的机会还是很高,虽然他们也挑战过要让后港和波东巴西划入集选区。

  当然,其实还有一个原因,执政党为了要防备着不让“狗急跳墙”。

  睡不着

《联合早报网》http://www.zaobao.com/special/forum/pages3/forum_sglx060508b.html

eGemini e双子 said...

新加坡选民的不求思变 -- 归根到底还是小农心态所阻碍

  马国星洲日报2006/05/05引诉新加坡政治学者何启良的话说: "很多新加坡选民其实都喜欢“权威的声音”,他们往往能从人民行动党听到这种声音,因此他们也成为该党的忠实支持者。对这些新加坡人而言,只要听不到这种声音,他们就六神无主了"。

  这种的选民的心态, 正如香港作家陶杰形容的: "小农心态" .

  小农心态其实是源于岛国是由移民组成的社会, 而这些移民来自于中国, 印尼和印度农村的小农, 正如李敖大师所说:"他们的祖先,当时由福建,由这些地方这一类的地方,穷得没办法,孤家寡人,白手到了新加坡或者这些地区,来创天下来打天下",可是"他们的文化水平是不好的"。

  小农的特征是缺乏安全感, 眼光短浅, 机会主义者, 性格贪婪, 贪小便宜, 小器. 只求安逸, 不求任何改变. 也是典型的集体主义者, 崇拜领袖权威, 缺乏表达个人意见的勇气. 处世态度 "一个萝卜一个坑,有点不会破格。当然是,他好处不会破格,可是坏处呢,也不会出格,就有这种现象"。

  正是何启良所说: "人民行动党的传统支持者,也包括与李光耀等开国元勋一路走来的民众。这些人都是在新加坡独立以前出生的。他们经历了新加坡从动乱到稳定的过程,也对新加坡多年来的发展感到满意。这批对李光耀具有“革命情感”的群众,同时也成为人民行动党的忠实支持者"。

  加上执政者的物资利诱策略, 使得很多这些小农的下一代太早成为资产负债者, 如高价格的住屋, 汽车. 他们为了求助于执政者, 也很快成为人民行动党的忠实支持者, 这说明了轻选民在大选给予执政党的支持的原因。

  明白了这个背景之后, 这就解释李敖大师所说" 新加坡人比较笨"的意思。

  而这种小农心态对执政者也未必无往不胜, 当新加坡要朝往全球化, 世纪级国家, 第一世界国会, 第一世界政府目标时, 就遇到了阻碍. 国民缺乏创意, 缺乏主动性, 好逸恶劳, 当“权威的声音”不在时, "就六神无主了"而茫然若失的现象。

  李敖大师所说: "所以我想李光耀先生心里,他有一个,有某种程度的了解,就是他的人民他的公民,整体的水平跟不上"。

  这就是新加坡的宿命, 怨不到人。

  Daivdchan

http://www.zaobao.com/special/forum/pages3/forum_sglx060508.html

eGemini e双子 said...

关于26kmX26km挤着400万人口的新加坡
  如果我们用正方形来代表每一个国家的大小,那么新加坡大约是26公里乘26公里(26kmX26km),人口400万左右。小国瑞士大约是200公里乘200公里(200kmX200km),超级大国美国大约是3000公里乘3000公里(3000kmX3000km)。小国可以有大梦想,但必须从自己的根基出发,这样才最有可能,小心驶得万年船。

  为什么当1965年新加坡宣布独立时,外国的评论都预测独立后的新加坡将走投无路呢?为什么我们得到的不是人们的喝彩而是被泼冷水呢?

  其实,务实的看,道理是很简单的。打个比方来说,若有人宣布要带一队人乘小舟横渡各大洋或去爬世界最高峰,人们会为这类冒险之旅喝彩。但若有人宣布要带一队人乘小舟在各大洋中生活或去世界最高峰居住,人们从现实角度考量后肯定不会为此喝彩,因为这样的生存太困难了,若不是被逼如此,谁愿意这样做呢?

  当然,在现实生活中,我们确实能找到居住在恶劣环境中的民族,例如,爱斯基摩人(注1)。他们的祖先勇敢地把握了北极的环境,并在那儿住了下来。然而,他们大胆与北极环境搏斗的结果,却使他们不得不在生活上,严格地遵守北极每年的气候循环现象,年复一年,苦苦挣扎求生。

  新加坡的处境就像上述的情况一样(虽然它比不上爱斯基摩人的辛苦)。我们被逼独立,而我们独立生存的条件却非常类似于乘小舟在各大洋中生活一样的困难。因此外人预测我们将走投无路并不是完全没有道理的。

  所以,任何要认真思考新加坡生存问题的人都必须先从我国26kmX26km,挤着400万人口的现实想起(注:新加坡面积大约600多平方公里,东西最长约42公里,南北最宽约22.5公里)。我们可以参考外国,例如,美国(3000kmX3000km)、澳洲(2700kmX2700km)、马来西亚(560kmX560km)、瑞士(200kmX200km)的治国经验。我们也应该有远大的抱负与理想。但是,我们不能忘记,我们实际的根基确实永远只有26kmX26km左右。

  我们和其他国家一样都是独立国家,必须承担立国的所有风险。我们不能妄自菲薄,但却需要务实的从我们所立足的26kmX26km,而不是,200kmX200km或3000kmX3000km的基础,去建设相对应的体制(包括民主政治的体制),以及评估和判断我国所面对的各种内部与外部的风险及生存的压力和挑战。

  所以,新加坡人,特别是居住在外国的新加坡人,必须把新加坡还原“看小”,而且是比小国瑞士还小60倍的小。这个小(不是藉口,更不是用来吓人的恐吓),才是影响和牵制我国重要事物的发展及决策的最大考量背景。

  例如,一些大家能明白的例子就是,外国能有内陆班机,我们不能。外国有农业,我们却几乎没有了。外国具有在反复兴衰中持续生存的资源,所以他们不必担心民主政府的好坏;他们最糟的情况也不过是造成人民必须一再行使民主权力,促使政府一换再换,直到好政府出现,把国家重新带回繁荣稳定的轨道为止。

  在理想的情况下,我国也应该像外国一样,能够在反复兴衰中持续生存。但在现实世界中,没有人敢肯定,土地面积只有600多平方公里,缺乏天然资源的我国,具有这种反复兴衰的能力与本钱。所以我国的民主体制自然就会朝尽量防堵坏政府出现的机制发展(当然,防堵机制若做过了火是会防碍健康民主政治的发展的。搞不好还会造成人们对防堵机制的公平与否或必要性的质疑)。

  最后,显然的,新加坡独立至今还没有倒下的原因,并不是因为外国人的预测缺乏远见,而是因为我们,每一代的新加坡人,都能认清并接受现实的考验。我们没有自哀自怜,我们决心脚踏苦苦支撑着我们的26kmX26km土地,在"大海中"面对每一波巨大"风浪"的挑战,为一己的弱小家国,奋斗求存!

  ------------------------------------------------------------

  以下是本文的注解:

  注1:

  [......爱斯基摩人的祖先勇敢地把握了北极的环境,以全幅的技能来使生活能够适应于此。......爱斯基摩人大胆地与北极环境搏斗的结果,使他们不得不在生活上,严格地遵守北极每年的气候循环现象,年复一年,屹屹不变。......]

  以上是抄自《历史研究》(汤恩比著,陈晓林译,Pg368-369)一书中对于“爱斯基摩文化,仍在苦苦挣扎求生”的论述。

  早报读者99
http://www.zaobao.com/special/forum/pages3/forum_lx060505c.html